anger and silence

Anger is a strong emotion that usually occurs because someone feels like they have been physically or emotionally hurt, insulted or ill-treated by another human being (Andersen 153). Anger has multiple facial expressions: eyebrows that are lowered and closer together than in a non-angry face, a unwavering stare, contracted eyes and a strained jaw usually with the mouth open and the teeth visible (Andersen 153). The voice is louder, rougher and usually deeper (Andersen 153). Angry actions can consist of exhibiting menacing movements, forming one’s hand into a fist(s), stare in a hostile way, not respecting someone’s personal space in terms of their face and usually negatively interacting within that space, not talking to the person for a period of time, and walking away from a statement that has been made or a situation (Andersen 153). In computerized situations, anger produced a backward head tilt, non-slouching posture, and arms in a higher position than non-anger computerized situations (Andersen 153).
Anger is not characterized by a specific volume or tone. Instead, angry people use a variety of volumes and tones that include yelling, screaming, shouting and others (Andresen 146). Silence can express three different emotions: fear, disgust and shame (Andresen 146).


Silence can express three different emotions: fear, disgust and shame (Andresen 146). Disgust produces several nonverbal facial expressions. Some of these are the eyes being almost closed, the nose being rumpled, “and the mouth being turned down” (Andersen 153). If the person feel tremendous disgust, their tongue “may protrude outward and down”



Making comments while someone else is talking, making the head (usually unconciously) be closer to the ground, physically moving farther from others, retreating and doing actions to try to leave (Andersen&Guerrero,1998b; Costa Dinsbach, Manstead, &Bitti, 2001; Cupach&Metts, 1990,1994; Keltner, 1995; Miller&Leary,1992;Schmidt&Cohn, 2001) (Andersen 157). When someone is embarrassed, they may try to hide what they feel, especially in public situations (Andersen 157).

Jane using a illustrator gesture when she first starts walking toward Jane (Andersen 39). There are eight categories of illustrating gestures used during speech (Ekman and Friesen, 1972) (Andersen 39). The different types are usually used separately in real life but can also be used together in real life (Andersen 39).
The first type of illustrative gesture, batons, are movements that try to accentuate a particular word or phrase (Andersen 39). Public speakers, especially political candidates, often use this baton gesture (Andersen 39). For example, they may use chopping and punching motions that relate to the words they are emphasizing in their speech (Andersen 39). The second type of illustrative gesture, ideographs, are gestures that draw or outline the course of a notion, complex thought, or personal association (Andersen 39). An economist may show the rising unemployment rate by drawing a version of the graph in the air with his gestures (Andersen 39). A health professional may raise they right hand as they say “As the level of relaxation in the body goes up”, and the left hand will get lowered as they say “the number of bodily things created by stress should go down” (Andersen 39). The third type of illustrative gestures, pointers or deictic movements, point to a thing, area, or occasion (Andersen 39). For example, a parent might say “Help me get the ornaments from the garage please” while standing in the direction of the door they want to go out of to get to the garage or a person might point to someone they want to have on their sports team instead of saying their name (Andersen 39). The fourth type of illustrative gestures, spatial movements, are movements that show dimensions or amounts of distance (Andersen 39). A snorkeler showing approximately how big the turtle was by adjusting the space between their hands (Andersen 39). The fifth type of illustrative gestures, rhythmic movements, are movements that show the tempo, speed, rate or time that an event occurs (Andersen 39). For example, a person that is talking about how their weekend went might gesture to show when each experience occurred throughout the weekend (Andersen 39). The sixth type of illustrative gestures, kinetographics, are movements that represent body movements that an organism would do (Andersen 39). The seventh type of illustrative gestures, pictographs, are movements that create a representation of a relatively static thing (Andersen 39). The eighth type of illustrative gestures, emblematic movements, are movements that use a culturally recognized gesture to make the statement that they are saying verbally (Andersen 39).
A nonverbal action that usually occurs when someone is experiencing fear is raised eyebrows (Andersen 151). In addition, the area that the lips and mouth take up on the face expands across the face so that the lower teeth are shown (Andersen 151). In addition, the eyelids at the top of the eye go up and the eyelids at the bottom of the eye become closer together (Andersen 151).


Immediacy cues

Sadness is displayed nonverbally in many ways (Andersen 150). Some of the facial signs are a mouth that is lower on the face than if the person was not sad, the eyes being physically further below the eyebrows than if the person was not sad (Andersen 150). Some behaviors that a person experiencing sadness might exhibit are their body bending in a way that makes them lower on the physical plane, pouting, fretting, making the head lower in the physical plane, bending the chest in a forward direction, having little or no vocal variation in the voice (monotone), periods of silence that are longer than usual, less smiling, less eye contact, and a decreased volume while talking (Andersen 150). One study demonstrated that avoiding a person’s gaze or purposely not gazing at a person communicates negative relational qualities (Andersen 195). These include sending messages of not having similar qualities, not being an affectionate and receptive and trustworthy person, and not being a person that practices immediacy actions (Andersen 195). Usually, when eye contact is used in an interpersonal communication situation it is considered a positive, immediate action (Andersen 195).
Eye contact can combine with other nonverbal behaviors to strengthen other messages created by other nonverbal behavior (Andersen 196). If eye contact lasts too long, for example a gaze that lasts longer than an average gaze, the person can feel threatened (Andersen 196). If eye contact last too long and is combined with certain facial expressions, for example a gaze with an angry facial expression, the person can feel threatened (Andersen 196).

Fidgeting can nonverbally show anxiety or anticipation (Andersen 148)


Happiness usually causes a person’s nonverbal behavior to change (Andersen 149). Some of these changes include speaking faster, laughing more, getting physically closer, a higher vocal tone, a greater amount of passion in the voice (Andersen 149). In addition, the voice is usually more harmonious and the person usually takes less heavy steps when they are happy (Andersen 149). In a study, when happiness was created by figures developed by a computer, happiness has produced the behaviors of moving the head backward without leaning the body forward (Andersen 149).
Smiling “involves a widening and upturning of the lips and mouth” (Andersen 148) “Genuine smiles, also called Duchenne smiles, not only include the upturned mouth but also involve raising the cheek muscles and squinting the eyes, producing smile lines at the corners of the eyes” (Andersen 148)